Freudian Analysis of Melancholia Essay

The movie Melancholia by Lars von Trier bit by bit forms into the character’s despondency through their activities and decisions that can relate legitimately to Lars von Trier’s own downturn and shocking youth conditions. The primary hero of the film, Justine, is discouraged and this influences everybody around her. Lars von Trier, the author and executive, is discouraged was discouraged while making this film and this downturn is reflected in Melancholia. Freudian speculations identify with Melancholia through Justine’s life just as her adoration life. She is continually unsatisfied and promptly has an extramarital sexual experience when she is powerless. Freudian speculations are shown through the downturn from the characters in the film to the author. Some of Freudian speculations that will be examined are taking a gander at how a portion of the character encounters are like Lars von Triers past and the Oedipus complex. Lars von Trier’s past enormously impacted how and what he composed for Melancholia. Freud said that â€Å"the idea that individuals are roused, even determined, by wants, fears, needs, and clashes of which they are unaware† (Tyson, 14-15) shows Lars von Trier is inspired by his past encounters. The watcher realizes rapidly that Justine has a despondency that continually influences her every day schedule, and she claims to be another person when she’s around others. Discouragement is a typical mental issue that presents with discouraged mind-set, loss of intrigue or joy, sentiments of blame or low self-esteem, upset rest or hunger, low vitality, and helpless fixation. These issues can get constant or intermittent and lead to generous weaknesses in one’s capacity to deal with their ordinary duties. Justine gives indications of misery all through the film for instance, when declining to clean up or go riding which she for the most part she appreciates doing. Individuals with melancholy will in general be depleted all the time like when Justine left her own wedding gathering to have a snooze. Lars von Trier may have encountered similar side effects of wretchedness in his own encounters, too his youth may have impacted why he became epressed in his later life which could have improved his work for Melancholia. In spite of the fact that Lars was determined to have wretchedness in 2007, he had a troublesome adolescence. He didn't have the foggiest idea who his natural dad was until his mom let him know on her demise bed. Freud accepted that â€Å"our oblivious was affected by adolescence events†. Lars von Trier expressed during a meeting t hat â€Å"I originate from a group of socialist nudists. I was permitted to do or not to do what I like. My folks were not inspired by whether I went to class or become inebriated on white wine. After a youth like that, you scan for limitations in your own life. † Lars’ adolescence relates extraordinarily to the character of Justine. Justine’s guardians didn't appear to think about her. During Justine’s wedding, her parent’s self-ingestion is reflected in their addresses about their marriage issues. Too, her folks couldn't have cared less or set aside effort for her when Justine explicitly requested that a couple of times talk secretly to her dad and he was unable to discover the time. In the room, Justine was disturbed and approached her mom for help yet her mom was no assistance by any stretch of the imagination. Her mother didn't appear to mind and her dad left the wedding leaving just a note saying that he was leaving with another lady and to â€Å"forgive an old fool†. Lars’ and Justine’s guardians have comparable reactions to their offspring of not mindful. Claire was troubled and carried on of character, she could no longer arrange her considerations and be as quiet around Justine as she was previously, the same to Lars’ musings he cited â€Å"Everything is going to Hell, however we should grin as far as possible. † (Lars individual statements on IMDB) Once Justine acknowledged Melancholia was going to hit the earth she got gathered and created. Toward the finish of the film Justine, Claire and Leo site together, close their eyes and clasp hands as Justine had educated. This is one of the main scenes where Justine entirely grins. She seems, by all accounts, to be settled and content despite the fact that she realizes that the apocalypse is drawing nearer. This scene identifies with Lars’ quote. Despite the fact that Justine knows everything is going to Hell, she is grinning even toward the end. Lars’ makes reference to the limitations he puts on his life like Justine not permitting herself to have a glad marriage and acknowledge her husband’s love and satisfaction. Justine turns out to be extremely discouraged during her wedding and undermines her recently married spouse. She won't have a genuine connection with her significant other however minutes after the fact will have a speedy sexual experience with a total outsider. This identifies with Freud’s convictions in the Oedipus mind boggling, a girl’s want for her dad and outrage and desire towards her mom. Justine’s father plays straightforwardly with other ladies before his significant other and kids at the wedding. Justine has a sexual experience with an outsider attempting to imitate a relationship the same to her dads. This may have affected Justine’s choice to carry on unscrupulously with her better half despite the fact that her significant other adored her without a doubt. Justine’s mother gives a discourse during the wedding supper and communicates her enmity against marriage, while Justine and her sister Claire take a gander at their mom with outrage and shame. Justine and Claire disregard their mom by getting hitched, knowing to anticipate her disliking remarks, yet condemn her for it. â€Å"The result is a dangerous anger against the Mother†¦ and a craving to have the Father† (1016) Despondency is about the world closure and in Justine’s little world she is discouraged, Citing Freudians Oedipus Complex one can resemble Lars’ condition of sadness which is appeared all through the film. The character’s activities reflect Lars von Trier’s convictions and encounters through his life and through his downturn, which is a tremendous factor in Melancholia. Also the connections Justine has mirrors the Oedipus Complex through her conduct and choices. Along these lines Freudian hypotheses relate legitimately to Melancholia.

Resource Allocation Strategy for Innovation Portfolio Management

Question: Talk about the Resource Allocation Strategy for Innovation Portfolio Management. Answer: Writing Review The creators refered to clear writing audits which are accessible inside each segment of study. Appropriate titles are likewise used to expound various parameters and show their viability. The different segments into which the examination is partitioned are: Hypothesis Asset Allocation broadness Particularity Creative expectation Information and strategies Measures Estimation Results Conversation End The middle purpose of the diary is the consideration of information and investigation sheet inside the examination material. The outcomes show a connection table portraying the connection between different elements which impacts the choice of development portfolio the executives. A few models are new item deals, size of the firm, process advancement, development use and so forth. The connection table determines how every single factor gets influenced by the choice and shows the suitability of a choice. Further, an examination has been given for different models including NEW, NTF and NTM models. Hence, the general picture has been portrayed which ought to get influenced when a business needs to put resources into new portfolio. The diary shows choosing a portfolio dependent on the size and particularity of the activities and the information examination further strengthens the end drawn. The writing survey as introduced by the examination is brimming with data. Be that as it may, the data given in the writing survey isn't modern. The specialist appropriately referenced the writing audit yet joins information that are dated 1985, 1997, 1981, 2002, 2000 and some more seasoned years. While completing the writing survey, the scientist made it sure to consolidate all the parts of development that the perusers should know. The writers talk about the asset portion broadness that discussions about the parallelization of assignments of assets with the goal that each association can get equivalent measure of assets to get the advancement. Particularity is about allotment asset when the examination is going on. Assets are apportioned dependent on the significance of the significance of the individual venture. Because of particular asset distribution, there is segregation for assets among the undertakings as the asset apportioned will be diverse for each kind of venture. The adv ancement expectation is identified with the goal of the association to get the development. The perusers probably won't be knowing the different methods of asset portion. The writing audit illuminates the asset designation techniques that will assist the association with bringing in various sorts of advancement. Speculation This exploration tried speculation about what factors in total determine a judicious choice for powerful and target portfolio the executives in a creative situation. The hypothesis well portrays the ordinarily embraced strategies which may prompt a total disappointment of a venture. The creators very much portrayed the requirement for a portfolio while taking a speculation choice particularly which rare and constrained assets. The asset allotment expansiveness has been portrayed as one of the significant choices. The significance of accessibility of a wide scope of tasks for making a portfolio has been thought of. The creators considered earlier research led on the point and inferred that increasingly more accessibility of tasks may prompt overstretching which can be viably controlled by receiving the particular methodology. This thought has been all around created and delineated as a significant and driven methodology. Targets The examination looked to accomplish the accompanying targets How new item deals are influenced by the choice of imaginative portfolio the board. Allotment of assets to the wide scope of accessible ventures. How a way to deal with test the general impact of a portfolio and non investigation of individual tasks may decide the believability of a business Is the information created by the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) be used for inferring helpful outcomes for portfolio the executives. Is the broadness of the portfolio has more prominent effect than the particularity or a reasonable methodology should be followed. Regardless of whether the creative plan envisioned by an association has had the option to be accomplished by the planned portfolio. Regardless of whether firms ought to put resources into more prominent ventures at first and change to restricted activities which are performing admirably. Research questions are not given in the article. Each article ought to have explore questions with the goal that the perusers would have the option to comprehend the territories that the specialist will research or as such discover the responses to the inquiries. In the event that the analyst would have put the exploration questions, it would have been simpler for the perusers to recognize the territories that the examination is putting the attention on. Strategy The treatment followed an examination dependent on factorization of the adequacy of an inventive portfolio and its prosperity. The diary delineates short accentuation on every single factor in particular broadness of the undertakings, particularity and creative purpose of a business. These three elements are viewed as the mainstays of the conversation. Further, the creators utilized example technique to demonstrate their exploration result. The 2009 Mannheim Innovation Panel directed a study for the period 2006-2008 which was a piece of the European Community Innovation Survey. A diary from the Oslo Manual has likewise been alluded in the work. The Oslo Manual gives a yearly study of firms giving a wide scope of record for keep an eye on the consistency of the tasks. The example picked by the creators has 35,197 undertakings. The creators additionally broke down the information in the light of reliant, autonomous factors and control factors. The exploration configuration as applied by the analyst is proper for the examination. The specialist thought about both optional information and essential information. The auxiliary information is portrayed appropriately in the writing survey. The essential information is being investigated with the assistance of co-social strategy. As the creators are attempting to discover the connection between asset assignment and advancement portfolio the executives, co-social examination appeared to the best decision by the creators. The investigation will enable the creators to discover the connection between the two. Discoveries The early on part exhibits the goal of the exploration which shows that the diary especially talked about the way to deal with be followed when a business needs to puts resources into some imaginative plan with the possibility to produce increasingly future benefits. The choice especially depends on various components which are featured by the creators. A concise conversation about each factor further upgrades the right target determination for the diary. Every conversation portrays how it influences the administration of an arrangement of an inventive speculation alongside the qualities and shortcomings of using that factor. The arrangements and related articles and works are additionally refered to alongside the examination of writers to fortify the vision of the diary. The information alluded by the creators to base their discoveries was valid and very much acknowledged. The example taken portrays an appropriate study of organizations who needs to step in the creative market and make a characteristic of achievement in their work chronicles. Every single piece of the example and different works has been referenced with legitimate source refering to and the confirmation of the sources. A short presentation about the sources has likewise been given to reinforce the discoveries. The variable strategy was embraced to show that the outcomes inferred by the exploration are all around verified. The curiosity of new items has been tried utilizing three classifications viz. NTM (new to showcase), NTF (new to firm) and NEW (better than ever items). A proportion of the speculation capacity of a firm to its new items has been determined and assessed to portray the development hunger of a firm and the capacity of littler firms to enhance by putting resources into new undertakings. The estimation was done based on Tobit examination technique. Split example or split factors examination was performed to gauge the changing impacts expansiveness under different circumstances. An appropriate investigation has been done of various factors under numerous circumstances and connection among them has been examined and detailed in the diary. In this manner, legitimate measurable instruments have been utilized by the creators to arrive at the last resolution. All the works and examination of the writers are appropriately appeared in the diary with the goal that the peruser can comprehend the upsides and downsides of every single factor and comprehend the reasonability of the choice. The information examination some portion of the article is introduced well by the writers. The analyst has referenced the information and the examination of the information appropriately. The analyst has primarily examines three sorts of allotment techniques in development. The creators have referenced all the parts of the various tables that have been founded on the three components. The perusers would not confront any issue to comprehend the information that has been set by the analysts and they would handily comprehend the sorts of investigation that has been consolidated in the article. The introduction of the information has made it simpler for the perusers to relate them with the conversation and the outcome that have been referenced in the article. The specialist has not neglected to relate the investigation with the consequence of the article. The models that are being assessed by the creator are being controlled for rule industry enrollment. The writers revaluated the information by rerunning the model by an enlarged operationalization of expansiveness. The result of the investigation show that the outcome that has been closed is predictable and consequently the exploration can be supposed to be effective. The impediment of the exploration has been tended to in the article appropriately. The best piece of the examination is that the analyst has consolidated degree for the future research

Consequences of the Peloponnesian War Research Paper

Outcomes of the Peloponnesian War - Research Paper Example Despite the fact that this perception by Thucydides came up short on the benefit of knowing the past, his announcement presently conveys legitimacy, as the Peloponnesian War had numerous quick and enduring impacts, which this paper will endeavor to decide. So as to appropriately comprehend the results of the Peloponnesian War, the causes and course of the war must be known. In Donald Kagan’s On the Origins of War and Preservation of Peace, he contends that the reasons for all war are sourced from â€Å"fear, respect, and interest† (On the Origins 6), and this remains constant with the Peloponnesian War. Athens and Sparta were two of the most remarkable Greek city-states in the fifth century B.C., and they were on inverse sides of the â€Å"power bloc† because of the arrangement of the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League. The Delian League in the long run turned into the Athenian Empire, was initially made to battle the risk of the Persian Empire (The Outbr eak 2); the Peloponnesian League was shaped by Sparta to battle the rising danger of Athens (Thucydides, Hammond, Rhodes 476). Instead of joining their separate force and impact, the two city states became contradicted groups inside the Hellenic World. While there are numerous mind boggling and hidden causes to the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides and various current antiquarians concur, as far as they could possibly know, that the primary driver of the war was â€Å"Spartan dread of Athenian power† (Thucydides, Hammond, Rhodes 477). As a result of the risk of the developing Athenian Empire, looking back it became obvious that the war was inescapable †the Athenian force turned into an object of dread that the Spartans couldn't overlook. The Peloponnesian War crossed over a time of twenty seven years, including various theaters, fights and battles that can't be clarified totally in this paper. This paper will plot a concise synopsis of the war that will be utilized to help d ecide the outcomes of the contention. Athens knew about the way that they couldn't inside and out thrashing the Spartan armed force, in this way, they manufactured a walled hall between their city and their port of Piraeus, which the Athenians dwelled inside trying to hold up out the Spartan armed force and outlive them in a war of whittling down (Daniel 74). Since the Spartans couldn't break the dividers of their foe and the Athenians couldn't outlive the Spartans, the war came about to a progression of Athenian maritime assaults and Spartan assaults into Athenian land with the objective of annihilating imperative yields and assets (Daniel 74). After a plague inside the Athenian dividers that prompted the passing of the Athenian war pioneer Pericles, Alcibiades, another Athenian chief, steered of the Athenian powers, and radically adjusted the Athenian strategy for the war. Alcibiades chose to transform from a cautious system to a hostile one, and consequently requested an attack o f the city of Syracuse on the island of Sicily, which, because of awful authority, association, and brilliant Spartan guard, ended up being a disappointment (Daniel 75). The bombed battle brought about the demolition of the Athenian armada and armed force, and at last brought about the Athenians losing the war that they had begun (Gombrich 63). In the first place, this paper will break down the prompt impacts of the war on both Athens and Sparta. As history has found in various cases, being vanquished in a war has apparently unending and never-ending

Policy Paper on ISIS Ideologies and Indoctrination - 1375 Words

Policy Paper on ISIS Ideologies and Indoctrination (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: ISIS Ideologies and IndoctrinationName:Institutional Affiliation:IntroductionThe Islamic State in Iraq and Greater Syria commonly known as ISIS or also known as ISIL was founded a decade ago as a branch of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. It was established in the Sunni regions of western Iraq during the fighting against the United States. Moreover, when the Syrian civil war took place, it shifted and spread to several other parts of Syria. The ISIS occupation in Mosul (the second largest city in Iraq) in 2014 was a major achievement. This essay focuses on the ideologies and indoctrination of the ISIS group.ISIS took root in Iraq after American military forces stationed in Iraq failed to establish effective security forces to fill the security vacuum that emerged soon after Saddam Husseinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s regime in the Second Gulf war the overthrown. ISIS Al-Qaeda branch was established in 2004 and came in place to fill the security vacuum after the American invasion. It took advantage o f the increasing political à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬societal Sunni alienation. Though Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s military success weakened ISIS domination, the military did not continue with their moves, and this led to the strengthening of the ISIS group. After the Americans had withdrawn their efforts in pursuance of ISIS, the ISIS got a convenient starting point for its operations. Notably enough, the founding of this terror group took place as follows:Establishment of Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia:It was the first thing to took place. It is Abu Musab al-Zarqawi that established ISIS. Al-Qaeda and ISIS hurled terrorist-guerilla war against American and coalition forces and the Shià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ite population. However, ISIS was terminated in June 2006 soon after Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was killed.Formation of ISI (Iraq Islamic state)ISI operated under the supervision of several jihad organizations that continuously fought with American forces, its coalition allies, and the Shià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ite population. However, I SI operations were paralyzed following the success of the United States military forces operations.Grounding of ISI operations.The American forces finally retaliate and withdrew from Iraq. This led to the strengthening of ISI. Historically, when Syria war broke out, ISI established a front known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"support frontà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ that was better known as Al-Nusra Front. However, disparities arose between IS and Al-Qaeda, and this led to the formation of ISIS (Islamic state in Iraq and Greater Syria)Dramatic ISIS military achievementsThe massive takeover of Mosul and the establishment of a governmental center in Al- Raqqah led to the great success of ISIS operations. The leader of the ISIS was known as Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. As recently as September 2014, United States declared war against ISIS that as was causing a wave of terror throughout Syria and other states.In March 2011, there arose a fatal civil war that rendered the spread of ISIS in Syria futile. In January 2012 , the support front was launched by the Syrian branch of the ISI. Due to disagreements that arose, the support front departed from the Islamic state in Iraq which saw the change of name from ISI to ISIS.The doctrines of ISIS are based on the Islamic Salafist-jihad religious front. Salafism emerged from an Islamic extremist politically-religious front that aimed at restoring the golden era of prophet Mohammed and the early Caliphs who were followers of Mohammed. According to the Salafist Jihad ideology, Muslims were required to participate in the holy war against their enemies both external and internal. According to Salafist, Jihad is part of them and in actual sense it is a personal initiative of each and every Muslim to participate in the holy war. From this ideology held by the Salafist, the Al-Qaeda, as well as other global jihad, base their beliefs on Salafist jihadism.The ISIS hold that the golden Islam era is bound to be restored through the establishment of a supranational I slamic Caliphate, which was formulated after the reign of the first Caliphs and the demise of Mohammad. The religious guiding law followed by Islam is the Sharia law. It contains all about jihad, the holy war. Furthermore, it provides for the extreme and vivid interpretation of the war. The Islamic Caliphate has a view that the Caliphates will finally rise through revolutions that will take place even though there was a massive destruction of Middle East states after the First World revolutions.The person behind the formation of the Caliphate State was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The Caliphate State lies in the Eastern Syria and western Iraq. The ISIS sought to extend the control of the Caliphate throughout Syria and Iraq in bid to broaden their operations. Additionally, there is a plan to extend their operations further to States belonging to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"greater Syriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ including the Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and Palestinian Authority. This is including other countries furt her and beyond the Middle East. The ISIS has the plan to diversify their operations further to the Northern Africa, Asia, the Caucasus, Europe as well as Spain and Balkans which were initially states under the Muslim rule.Among the most predominant characteristics of ISIS group includes:Military Abilities:In Syria and Iraq, ISIS has nearly 25,000 operatives. Notably enough, their numbers are growing exponentially. In an assessment undertaken by ITIC, nearly 12,000 operatives come from Syria and Iraq while 13,000 of them are foreign fighters with most of them coming from the Arab-Muslim world. Additionally, according to CSIA report, there are about 25,000 to 31,500 operatives. In an estimated statistics, 3,000 of them come from the western countries. They use Turkey as the entrance route to enter Syria. It is the ISIS who bestows on them some military techniques through vigorous training. Notably enough, the westerners learn a lot during their stay in Syria in addition to receiving the Salafist-jihad indoctrination. However, their training poses a great threat to their native countries since they are transformed to become great terror threat agents.Possession of tools of war.Over the years, ISIS has amassed a great plunder of weapons most of them sourced from Syrian and Iraq armies. Among the war tools and equipment owned by them include light arms, rockets, mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles as well. Moreover, they also possess heavy fire...

Defining the Middle Ages

One of the most frequently asked questions about medieval history is, When did the Middle Ages start and end? The answer to this simple question is more complicated than you might think. There is currently no true consensus among historians, authors, and educators for the precise dates—or even the general dates—that mark the beginning and end of the medieval era. The most common time frame is approximately 500-1500 C.E., but you will often see different dates of significance marking the eras parameters. The reasons for this imprecision become a little more clear when one considers that the Middle Ages as a period of study has evolved over centuries of scholarship. Once a Dark Age, then a romantic era and an Age of Faith, medieval times were approached by historians in the 20th century as a complex, multifaceted era, and many scholars found new and intriguing topics to pursue. Every view of the Middle Ages had its own defining characteristics, which in turn had its own turning points and associated dates. This state of affairs offers the scholar or enthusiast the opportunity to define the Middle Ages in the manner that best suits his own personal approach to the era. Unfortunately, it also leaves the newcomer to medieval studies with a certain amount of confusion. Stuck in the Middle The phrase Middle Ages has its origins in the fifteenth century. Scholars of the time—primarily in Italy—were caught up in an exciting movement of art and philosophy, and they saw themselves embarking on a new age that revived the long-lost culture of classical Greece and Rome. The time that intervened between the ancient world and their own was a middle age and, sadly, one they disparaged and from which they disassociated themselves. Eventually the term and its associated adjective, medieval, caught on. Yet, if the period of time the term covered was ever explicitly defined, the chosen dates were never unassailable. It may seem reasonable to end the era at the point where scholars began to see themselves in a different light; however, this would assume they were justified in their view. From our vantage point of considerable hindsight, we can see that this was not necessarily the case. The movement that outwardly characterized this period was in reality limited to the artistic elite (as well as to, for the most part, Italy). The political and  material culture  of the world around them had not radically changed from that of the centuries preceding their own. And despite the attitude of its participants, the  Italian Renaissance  did not spontaneously burst forth from  nowhere but was instead a product of the preceding 1,000 years of intellectual and artistic history. From a broad historical perspective, the Renaissance cannot be clearly separated from the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, thanks to the work of historians such as  Jacob Burkhardt  and Voltaire, the Renaissance was considered a distinct time period for many years. Yet recent scholarship has blurred the distinction between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It has now become much more important to comprehend the Italian Renaissance as an artistic and literary movement, and to see the succeeding movements it influenced in northern Europe and Britain for what they were, instead of lumping them all together in an imprecise and misleading age. Although the origin of the term middle ages may no longer hold the weight it once did, the idea of the medieval era as existing in the middle still has validity. It is now quite common to view the Middle Ages as that period of time between the ancient world and the early modern age. Unfortunately, the dates at which that first era ends and the later era begins are by no means clear. It may be more productive to define the medieval era in terms of its most significant and unique characteristics, and then identify the turning points and their associated dates. This leaves us with a variety of options for defining the Middle Ages. Empires Once, when political history defined the boundaries of the past, the date span of 476 to 1453 was generally considered the time frame of the medieval era. The reason: each date marked the fall of an empire. In 476 C.E., the  Western Roman Empire officially came to an end  when the Germanic warrior  Odoacer  deposed and exiled the last emperor,  Romulus Augustus. Instead of taking the title of  emperor  or acknowledging anyone else as such, Odoacer chose the title King of Italy, and the  western empire  was no more. This event is no longer considered the definitive end of the Roman empire. In fact, whether Rome fell, dissolved, or evolved is still a matter for debate. Although at its height the empire spanned territory from Britain to Egypt, even at its most expansive the Roman  bureaucracy  neither encompassed nor controlled most of what was to become Europe. These lands, some of which were virgin territory, would be occupied by peoples that the Romans considered barbarians, and their genetic and cultural descendants would have just as much impact on the formation of western civilization as the survivors of Rome. The study of the Roman Empire  is  important in understanding medieval Europe, but even if the date of its fall could be irrefutably determined, its status as a defining factor no longer holds the influence it once had. In 1453 C.E., the  Eastern Roman Empire  came to an end when its  captial  city of Constantinople fell to invading Turks. Unlike the western terminus, this date is not contested, even though the Byzantine Empire had shrunk through the centuries and, at the time of the fall of Constantinople, had consisted of little more than the great city itself for more than two hundred years. However, as significant as Byzantium is to medieval studies, to view it as a  defining  factor is misleading. At its  height, the eastern empire encompassed even less of present-day Europe than had the western empire. Furthermore, while Byzantine civilization influenced the course of western culture and politics, the empire remained quite deliberately separate from the tumultuous, unstable, dynamic societies that grew, foundered, merged and ​​warred  in the west. The choice of Empires as a defining characteristic of medieval studies has one other significant flaw: throughout the course of the Middle Ages, no  true  empire encompassed a significant portion of Europe for any substantial length of time.  Charlemagne  succeeded in uniting large portions of modern-day France and Germany, but the nation he built broke into factions only two generations after his death.  The Holy Roman Empire  has been called neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire, and its emperors certainly did not have the kind of control over its lands that Charlemagne achieved. Yet the fall of empires lingers in our perception of the Middle Ages. One cannot help but notice how close the dates 476 and 1453 are to 500 and 1500. Christendom Throughout the medieval  era  only one institution came close to uniting all of Europe, though it was not so much a political empire as a spiritual one. That union was attempted by the Catholic Church, and the geopolitical entity it influenced was known as Christendom. While the exact extent of the Churchs political power and influence on the material culture of medieval Europe has been and continues to be debated, there is no denying that it had a significant impact on international events and personal lifestyles throughout the era. It is for this reason that the Catholic Church has validity as a defining factor of the Middle Ages. The rise, establishment, and ultimate fracturing of Catholicism as the single most influential religion in  Western  Europe offers several significant dates to use as  start- and end-points for the era. In 306 C.E.,  Constantine  was proclaimed Caesar and became co-ruler of the Roman Empire. In 312 he converted to Christianity, the once-illegal religion now became favored over all others. (After his death, it would become the official religion of the empire.) Virtually overnight, an underground cult became the religion of the Establishment, forcing the once-radical Christian philosophers to rethink their attitudes toward the Empire. In 325, Constantine called the  Council of Nicaea, the first  ecumenical council  of the Catholic Church. This convocation of bishops from all over the known world was an important step in building the organized institution that would have so much influence over the next 1,200 years. These events make the year 325, or at the very least the early fourth century, a viable starting point for the Christian Middle Ages. However, another event holds equal or greater weight in the minds of some scholars: the accession to the papal throne of  Gregory the Great  in 590. Gregory was instrumental in establishing the medieval papacy as a strong socio-political force, and many believe that without his efforts the Catholic Church would never have achieved the power and influence it wielded throughout medieval times. In 1517 C.E.  Martin Luther  posted 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church. In 1521 he was excommunicated, and he appeared before the  Diet of Worms  to defend his actions. The attempts to reform ecclesiastical practices from within the institution were futile; ultimately, the  Protestant Reformation  split the Western Church irrevocably. The Reformation was not a peaceful one, and religious wars ensued throughout much of Europe. These culminated in the  Thirty Years War  that ended with the  Peace of Westphalia  in 1648. When equating medieval with the rise and fall of Christendom, the latter date is sometimes viewed as the end of the Middle Ages by those who prefer an all-inclusive view of the era. However, the sixteenth-century events that heralded the beginning of the end of Catholicisms pervasive presence in Europe are more  frequently  regarded as the eras terminus. Europe The field of medieval studies is by its very nature eurocentric. This does not mean that medievalists deny or ignore the significance of events that took place outside of what is today Europe during the medieval era. But the entire concept of a medieval era is a European one. The term Middle Ages was first used by European scholars during the  Italian Renaissance  to describe their own history, and as the study of the era has evolved, that focus has remained fundamentally the same. As more research has been conducted in previously unexplored areas, a wider recognition of the importance of the lands outside Europe in shaping the modern world has evolved. While other specialists study the histories of non-European lands from varying perspectives, medievalists generally approach them with regard to how they affected  European  history. It is an aspect of medieval studies that has always characterized the field. Because the medieval era is so inextricably linked to the geographical entity we now call Europe, it is entirely valid to associate a definition of the Middle Ages with a significant stage in the development of that entity. But this presents us with a variety of challenges. Europe is not a separate  geological  continent; it is part of a larger land mass properly called Eurasia. Throughout history, its boundaries shifted all too often, and they are still shifting today. It was not commonly recognized as a distinct geographical entity  during  the Middle Ages; the lands we now call Europe were more frequently considered Christendom. Throughout the Middle Ages, there was no single political force that controlled all of the  continent. With these limitations, it becomes increasingly difficult to define the parameters of a broad historical age associated with what we now call Europe. But perhaps this very lack of characteristic features can help us with our definition. When the Roman Empire was at its height, it consisted primarily of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean. By the time  Columbus  made his historic voyage to the New World, the Old World stretched from Italy to Scandinavia, and from Britain to the Balkans and beyond. No longer was Europe the wild, untamed frontier, populated by barbarian, frequently migratory cultures. It was now civilized (though still often in turmoil), with generally stable governments, established centers of commerce and learning, and the dominant presence of Christianity. Thus, the medieval era might be considered the period of time during which Europe  became  a geopolitical entity. The fall of the  Roman Empire (c. 476) can still be considered a turning point in the development of Europes identity. However, the time when the migrations of Germanic tribes into Roman territory began to effect significant changes in the empires cohesiveness (the 2nd century C.E.) could be considered the genesis of Europe. A common terminus is the late 15th  century when westward  exploration  into the new world initiated a new awareness in Europeans of their old world. The 15th century also saw significant turning points for regions within Europe: In 1453, the end of the  Hundred Years War  signalled the unification of France; in 1485, Britain saw the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of an extensive peace; in 1492, the Moors were driven from Spain, the Jews were expelled, and Catholic unity prevailed. Changes were taking place everywhere, and as individual nations established modern identities, so too did Europe appear to take on a cohesive identity of its own. Learn more about the early, high and late middle ages.

Death Essay - 788 Words

David Je UIN: 650322242 First Paper Assignment – Compare and Contrast â€Å"Tuesdays with Morrie† and â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych† both portray a character who is dealing with a serious terminal illness and advance knowledge of their deaths. One story is based on the realistic life of an American professor with the story’s characteristics tone from the 1990’s while the other is set during nineteenth century Russia. Even though Morrie Schwartz and Ivan Ilych both suffered from the illness, their dissimilar lifestyles and beliefs led to different perspective on facing death. One views the knowledge as a blessing and an opportunity to share his life experiences before making his final good-byes, the other agonizes in pain and begs for an†¦show more content†¦Due to his selfish quest for happiness, he acts only to obtain the good for himself and has no value for those that get in the way of his pleasure. He is incapable of seeing other people as human beings since he has no spiritual existence inside of him. An d because of shutting others out, society shut its door on him. During the sixth Tuesday that Mitch went to visit Morrie, they talked about emotions and detachment. Morrie tells Mitch about how he learned to detach himself from his frightening experiences so that he may accept his impermanent life, and embrace his death, which he knows may come at any moment. â€Å"Detachment doesn’t mean you don’t let the experience penetrates you. On the contrary, you let it penetrate you fully. That’s how you are able to leave it.† (Page 96) In detaching from oneself, Morrie means that one can step out of his/her physical feelings and into ones own state of consciousness, so that he/she may gain perspective and composure during a stressful situation. This is how Morrie was able to find peace and relaxation within him even through his physical illness. In the beginning of Chapter XII of Tolstoy’s story, Ivan starts to painfully scream loudly for three consecutive days, during which time Ivan realizes that his doubts are still unsolved. During this moment, Ivan realizes that moving up in social esteem has not led to joy, fulfillment, and life, but to misery, emptiness, and death instead. Blinded by the values of high society, heShow MoreRelatedDeath : Death And Death844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States over two million people die a year (Death). With death comes the questions countless people wonder about. What is Death? Why did they die? Why couldn’t it have been someone else? When a loved one is lost, these questions could be circling through their heads. Death is when someone’s time on Earth has come to a close, there are numerous causes of death and people often wonder why it has to happen. Death is a part of life that everybody has to deal with. There is no way aroundRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1300 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of death, a question had been made on whether immortality is preferable to dying. In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates’ death scene, Socrates has one last philosophical conversation with his friends about what happens to the soul when it leaves the body after death. Socrates believes that the soul is immortal, meaning that it will live on even when the body does not. The themes in Phaedo are similar to those in Leo Tolstoy’s â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych,† which tells the story of a man named IvanRead MoreDeath Of Death And Death1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthought to the subject of death. To be more accurate: throughout my entire life I have never allowed myself to give much thought to the subject of death. Both of my parents are very easy going, optimistic individuals so death was not a subject that was ever really touched on. The only times that I really remember discussing it was in church (and I rarely ever paid attention to this). Despite this lack of contemplation, I have always known that I am very anxious about death, so when I filled out theRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1515 Words   |  7 Pages Everyone is familiar with the theme of death. â€Å"According to experience, death is the stopping of a behavior, the stopping of expressive movements and of physiological movements and processes†¦It is a departure, a decease, a negativity to the unknown†¦a departure without a return†(Levinas). Regardless of belief, death is the one equalizer common to man. There are countless stories attempting to illustrate or explain both the feeling and the nature of death given many various outcomes, fortunate orRead MoreThe Death Of Death1218 Words   |  5 Pagesor in other words, 55.3 million people die per year. Death is never a comfortable conversation to have with others but death is common especially among the elderly population. Atul Gawande in Being Mortal talks about how death takes many people by surprise and the descriptions of aging and dying. All the while living better through the understanding of death. The author is trying to express that even those in the medical field struggle with death and not ensuring the well-being of the patients thatRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death2332 Words   |  10 PagesDeath affects people in a variety of ways, often differing throughout cohorts and cultures. Death does not affect everyone in the same way, and often life experiences have a key role in shaping how we view death. Most of these interviewees were from rural Iowa, and could show a contrast from the single interviewee from Tennessee. For this paper, I intend to showcase how several individuals can view death in a variety of ways, and how they can each face their own unique set of problems and resourcesRead MoreDeath Is Not Death?2195 Words   |  9 Pagesyet inevitable fate of all mankind; death. We spend our entire lives fearing death as well as theorizing and developing ways to live longer and put off our own eventual demise. Death is universally feared, ev en from a young age we are aware of the fact that death is the ultimately the worst thing that could possibly happen to any mortal being. Death is defined as the â€Å"permanent ending of vital processes in a cell or tissue†. When thought of in these terms death does not seem like anything to be soRead MoreThe Death Of Death System898 Words   |  4 Pages The death system according to Kastenbaum (2012) is â€Å"the interpersonal and symbolic network, through which an individual’s relationship to mortality is mediated by his or her society† (p.102). This means that we face death as individuals and face it as a society and culture. The death system teaches members of a group concerning death, using mental, emotional and behavioral components and functions. There are five component: People, Places, Times, Objects and Symbols and seven function: warningRead MoreDeath Is The End Of Death1688 Words   |  7 PagesThere Is Nothing To Fear In Death. Everybody will die at some point. I know death is coming and there is nothing to fear about it because I believe that there is nothing about it on the other side to be afraid of. I was content, perfectly, to be precise before I was born and I believe it will be the same state even with death. In this essay, I will talk try to talk about why there is nothing to be afraid of in death. It is evident that death cannot be experienced, in the physical form. This is becauseRead MoreDeath By The Broom Of Death872 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"But death also goes through the world dressed as a broom, lapping the floor, looking for dead bodies, death is inside the broom, the broom is the tongue of death looking for corpses, it is the needle of death looking for thread.† Birth marks the beginning of life and is often celebrated while death gets such a bad reputation because of it signifies the end of life as an inevitable fate to humans. We tiptoe around death with hopes that it goes away and watch as it snuffs out life from those we once

Evaluation and Impact Higher Education †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the . Answer: Port operations have been greatly influenced by the increase in global market and trade. Many ports handle goods that arrive from international markets and this calls for efficient operations as well as adequate capacity for these goods, not forgetting to mention the huge responsibility of manpower around the ports. This answer is correct in the sense that to improve the efficiency of the ports, many technological advances have to be employed. Some of these advances include automation and digitalization of machines, equipment, and systems. Most operations at the port involve lifting heavy luggage and equipment as well as moving them from one place to another (Keefe, 2017). Technology has also made it possible to automate systems so that little paper work is involved in the offices. For instance, making of payrolls and identification of employees is faster and can be done by a click of a mouse. Computer technology, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering have also made it possible to use to construct robots that have become so helpful in making many operations more efficient (Nicer Allopi, 2015). In security sector within the ports, changes and improvements in technology makes it possible to enhance security apparatus and features. However, in the essay, it is shown that these improvements have impact on the employees. If there are too much automation, employees risk losing their positions as they would have very little to do. In conclusion, the pressure by globalization has forced most ports to change the way they conduct their daily chores by moving their operations toward technological advances. References Keefe, M. (2017). Port Management Through Technology: strategy, evaluation and impact. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 2(1), pp.33-44. Naiker Allopi. (2015). Additional Benefits of Automation. Higher Learning Research on Innovation, 6(4).